Articles

HPLC tells you how pure a peptide is; peptide mass spectrometry tells you what it is. How a lab turns a spectrum into an identity confirmation, and what a good mass does not prove.

Because a peptide is a piece of protein, the immune system can make anti-drug antibodies against it. What they are, when they matter, and why product quality drives the risk.

Most research peptides are too large and water-loving to cross the blood-brain barrier — here are the routes that do work, plus an honest look at intranasal delivery.

Sermorelin side effects from the actual FDA Geref label and pediatric trials — injection-site reactions, the antibody question, and what its withdrawal really meant.

What is amylin? The 37-amino-acid beta-cell hormone that works alongside insulin to control glucagon, gastric emptying and appetite.

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the single-pass peptide receptors that aren’t GPCRs — how insulin, IGF-1 and growth factors signal.

The chemical and physical pathways that break peptides down – hydrolysis, deamidation, oxidation, aggregation – and why dry powder outlasts solution.

GIP, the 42-amino-acid incretin from intestinal K-cells: the incretin effect, what GIP does, its role in diabetes, and the agonism-vs-antagonism puzzle.

What the published Phase 2 trials report about retatrutide’s side effects, the glucagon difference, and its investigational status.

AOD-9604 side effects and safety: what its human trials actually reported, why the drug failed its main efficacy test, and where the real risk lies.