Prolactin is the one anterior pituitary hormone the brain restrains rather than releases. Here is how dopamine controls it, how its receptor signals, and the two assay artefacts that make prolactin results misleading.
C-peptide is the 31-amino-acid connector cut out of proinsulin when insulin is made — a diagnostic marker of endogenous insulin secretion, and the subject of a long-running debate about whether it does anything at all.
Deletions, aspartimide byproducts, epimers and counterions – the specific things that go wrong during peptide synthesis, and which ones an HPLC purity number can see.
Cagrilintide, CagriSema, petrelintide and eloralintide – the reported weight-loss numbers, durations and caveats, including the REDEFINE 4 head-to-head miss.
Predicting peptide solubility means reading the sequence: which residues carry charge, what the net charge is at your diluent pH, and how much of the powder is peptide at all.
Peptide-drug conjugates promise antibody-style targeting at a fraction of the size. Here is how the three-module design works, why the linker matters more than the peptide, and what the regulatory record actually shows.
Parathyroid hormone removes bone when it stays switched on and adds bone when it arrives as a daily spike. Here is why the exposure curve, not the dose, decides.
Irisin is a myokine released by working muscle that browns white fat in mice. What is verified, why reported blood levels span six orders of magnitude, and what human data actually show.
Dietary proteins hide short bioactive food peptides that only become active once an enzyme cuts them free – here is what the trials and regulators actually concluded.
Chemokines are the small signalling proteins that direct immune-cell traffic – how the CC, CXC, CX3C and XC families work, and why so few drugs against them succeed.
