Concentration Math Basics: mg, mL, and mg/mL
How mg, mL, and mg/mL relate, with worked lab-math examples.
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Why a batch-matched Certificate of Analysis still anchors research-peptide quality
As scrutiny of research-peptide quality grows, one principle keeps surfacing: a Certificate of Analysis (COA) is only meaningful when it is tied to the exact batch in hand and reports more than a single purity figure. A useful COA generally documents several things together: identity confirmation (commonly by mass spectrometry), purity (typically by HPLC), and…
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Study compares semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide in a genetic obesity mouse model
A peer-reviewed study in the International Journal of Obesity compares three GLP-1–class peptides — semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide — in a genetic mouse model of obesity. The researchers used MC4R-knockout mice, which lack a receptor central to the brain’s appetite-regulating melanocortin pathway and develop obesity, insulin resistance, and markers of liver stress. Over a 21-day…
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Retatrutide reports ~28% average weight loss in first Phase 3 obesity trial
Eli Lilly has reported topline results from TRIUMPH-1, the first Phase 3 obesity trial of the triple-agonist peptide retatrutide. Retatrutide acts on three receptors — GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon — distinguishing it from single- and dual-agonist compounds in the same class. According to the company’s announcement, mean body-weight reduction rose with dose: roughly 19% at…
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PCAC peptide hearing July 23–24: key deadlines arrive this month
Several procedural deadlines for the FDA’s July 23–24, 2026 Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) meeting on peptides fall within the next few weeks. The committee is scheduled to consider whether seven peptides — BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, MOTS-c, emideltide (DSIP), Semax, and Epitalon, in their free-base and acetate forms — should be eligible for compounding under…
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FDA comment window on excluding compounded GLP-1s closes June 29
The FDA’s public comment window on whether to keep three popular GLP-1 medicines off the 503B bulk drug substances list closes June 29, 2026. In an April 30, 2026 proposal, the FDA said it found no clinical need for outsourcing facilities to compound semaglutide, tirzepatide, and liraglutide from bulk drug substances, given that FDA-approved versions…
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mcg vs mg: Getting Peptide Units Right
mcg vs mg in peptide lab math: 1 mg equals 1000 mcg, how to convert, and how concentration (mg/mL) ties the units together with a worked example.
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Melanocortin Peptide Side Effects: PT-141 and Melanotan
What research and the FDA label report about melanocortin side effects for PT-141 (Vyleesi) and Melanotan II, from nausea and flushing to mole changes.
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Syringe Types & Gauges: U-100, Needle Gauge and Length
What syringe gauge, needle length and the U-100 scale actually mean — plus dead space and why units measure volume, not dose. A clear research-handling guide.
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GLP-1 Side Effects: Semaglutide and Tirzepatide Explained
A clear, sourced look at GLP-1 side effects for semaglutide and tirzepatide — the common GI effects, why they happen, and how tolerability is managed.