Author: Carlos

Peptides vs small molecules: how they differ in size, specificity, oral bioavailability, half-life, immunogenicity and manufacturing — and why peptides come in vials.

Tesamorelin side effects, from the FDA-approved Egrifta label: injection-site reactions, joint pain, IGF-1 and glucose changes, antibodies, and contraindications.

Constitutive activity is agonist-independent receptor signaling. Here is what it means, why the ghrelin receptor is ~50% “on” with no ligand, and why it matters.

What is actually known about the side effects of immune peptides LL-37, KPV, and thymalin — and why product quality is the risk you can verify.

What FDA 503A categories mean, why so many research peptides are Category 2, and what the 2026 changes and July PCAC meeting could bring.

Many peptide “studies” have only four to twelve people. The rule of three explains why “no side effects reported” in a tiny trial tells you almost nothing about safety.

What the five melanocortin receptors (MC1R–MC5R) do, the peptides that activate them, and why one non-selective agonist can tan skin or change desire.

What the gonadorelin label actually documents, why kisspeptin-10 has almost no human safety data, and why the side-effect tables circulating for it are invented.

Thymosin alpha-1 side effects per the Zadaxin label and randomized trials: well tolerated (under 1% drug-related AEs), plus what is not established and the real grey-market risk.

How the WADA Prohibited List captures research peptides through S0, S2 and S4 catch-alls, why strict liability applies, and why not being named is not protection.