Author: Carlos

Leptin is the hormone fat tissue uses to tell the brain how much energy is stored. What it does, how leptin resistance works, and why it failed as an obesity drug.

A plain-language map of the GH/IGF-1 axis: GHRH, ghrelin, somatostatin, growth hormone and IGF-1 — and where research peptides act on the loop.

Somatostatin is the inhibitory hormone that brakes growth hormone, insulin and gut secretions — and the parent of octreotide and lanreotide.

Ghrelin is the stomach-made hunger hormone — and the natural template for GH-secretagogue research peptides. Here is how it works.

Glucagon is the 29-amino-acid hormone that raises blood sugar – the mirror of insulin, a sibling of GLP-1, and a target in new obesity drugs.

DPP-4 is the enzyme that inactivates GLP-1 and GIP within minutes – and defeating it is how modern incretin drugs are made to last.

HPLC tells you how pure a peptide is; peptide mass spectrometry tells you what it is. How a lab turns a spectrum into an identity confirmation, and what a good mass does not prove.

Because a peptide is a piece of protein, the immune system can make anti-drug antibodies against it. What they are, when they matter, and why product quality drives the risk.

Most research peptides are too large and water-loving to cross the blood-brain barrier — here are the routes that do work, plus an honest look at intranasal delivery.

Sermorelin side effects from the actual FDA Geref label and pediatric trials — injection-site reactions, the antibody question, and what its withdrawal really meant.