Polymyxin B and colistin are old cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics now used as last-line options against resistant Gram-negative bacteria; here is how they work and why the labels carry boxed warnings.
Teriparatide and abaloparatide are 34-amino-acid PTH analogs; this guide covers their structure, trial data and label safety information.
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) is a 36-amino-acid synthetic peptide approved in 2003 as the first peptide HIV entry inhibitor; here is how it works and what the trials reported.
Alpha-MSH is a 13-amino-acid hormone cut from the POMC precursor that activates melanocortin receptors; here is what the research and approved analogs show.
Thymulin is a nine-residue thymic peptide whose activity depends on zinc; here is what the research reports and what is not established.
Somatostatin analogs such as octreotide, lanreotide and pasireotide are engineered peptides built to outlast the natural hormone; here is how they differ and what the trials show.
Cyclosporine is a cyclic peptide of 11 amino acids that blocks calcineurin in T cells; here is its structure, mechanism and what its US label says.
Vancomycin (a glycopeptide) and daptomycin (a cyclic lipopeptide) are peptide antibiotics with different structures, targets and label limits.
hCG is a placental glycoprotein hormone with a few licensed medical uses; its structure, label indications, and why the weight-loss claim lacks evidence.
Nesfatin-1 is a reported fragment of nucleobindin-2 linked to appetite and glucose regulation in rodents, with an unidentified receptor and limited human data.
