Guides

Vasopressin (ADH) is the body’s water-conservation hormone: what it is, its three receptors, and how it works with the RAAS and natriuretic peptides.

Natriuretic peptides — ANP, BNP and CNP — are the heart’s brake on blood pressure. How they oppose the RAAS, signal through guanylyl-cyclase receptors, and why neprilysin and sacubitril matter.

How the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) defends blood pressure — the peptide cascade from renin to angiotensin II to aldosterone, its receptors, and the drugs that target it.

The thymus gland trains your T cells and secretes thymic peptides like thymosin alpha-1 and thymosin beta-4. What it does, why it shrinks, and what the evidence really shows.

Meet the pineal gland and melatonin — the hormone of darkness. How light sets the clock, why melatonin is not a peptide, and where Epitalon fits in.

How the endocrine pancreas works: the islet cell types, the insulin–glucagon balance, C-peptide and amylin, and why the incretins GLP-1 and GIP are gut hormones, not islet hormones.

How the hypothalamus links the brain and the endocrine system — its releasing hormones, the two routes to the pituitary, and why research peptides target it.

A hormone is a chemical messenger. Here is what a hormone is, the three classes (peptide, steroid, amine), and why solubility predicts how each one acts.

How fat-soluble hormones act directly on genes through nuclear hormone receptors — the third receptor superfamily, its shared domain plan, and type I vs type II.

How cells turn large precursor proteins into finished peptide hormones — the convertases, the secretory pathway, and worked examples like insulin and C-peptide.