Guides

The pituitary gland is really two organs in one, and the hub of nearly every hormone axis. Its two lobes, its six anterior and two posterior hormones, and why so many peptide drugs target it.

Insulin is the 51-amino-acid peptide hormone that controls blood sugar — and the first protein ever sequenced and first recombinant drug. What it is, how it works, and how it was re-engineered.

Peptide pharmacokinetics explained through ADME: why peptides are injected, distribute in water, are cut by peptidases (not CYP450), clear renally, and how half-life extension works.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis explained: CRH, ACTH from POMC, cortisol, its daily rhythm, feedback, and the MC2R melanocortin connection.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis explained: GnRH pulses, LH and FSH, feedback, kisspeptin, and the drugs and research peptides that act on it.

Leptin is the hormone fat tissue uses to tell the brain how much energy is stored. What it does, how leptin resistance works, and why it failed as an obesity drug.

A plain-language map of the GH/IGF-1 axis: GHRH, ghrelin, somatostatin, growth hormone and IGF-1 — and where research peptides act on the loop.

Somatostatin is the inhibitory hormone that brakes growth hormone, insulin and gut secretions — and the parent of octreotide and lanreotide.

Ghrelin is the stomach-made hunger hormone — and the natural template for GH-secretagogue research peptides. Here is how it works.

Glucagon is the 29-amino-acid hormone that raises blood sugar – the mirror of insulin, a sibling of GLP-1, and a target in new obesity drugs.